Learning outcomes - after studying this topic, you should be able to:

• identify and explain the major steps in mineral extraction and purification into its metal
• Identify the major forms of mineral sources of metals and other elements
• read and interpret an Ellingham diagram, and use it to predict the temperature at which metal formation will be spontaneous
• relate activity and electronegativity to oxide stability
• define the terms gangue, slag, roasting and smelting
• identify (but not list) the top ten chemicals by production mass, their origins and uses
• explain how sulfuric acid is produced, including the thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of the synthetic steps
• describe the key elements of the nitrogen biocycle
• describe the preparation of phosphoric acid, and the relevance of ammonia and sulfuric acid in phosphate derivatives

• Chapter 9 (in Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, 3^rd Edition, 2015 (John Wiley))

Chemical equilibrium Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Equilibrium Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Equilibrium (advanced) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman